Above studies aim at only optimizing the battery costs but do not consider the expense of losses, which may increase if the battery size selected is too small. explored an online scheduling problem using batteries to harvest peak shaving with optimization algorithms. However, scheduling dispatch based on State of Charge (SOC) of storages may not be appropriate while dispatching wind power with the grid. developed a dispatch strategy to maximize the lifetime of the battery by ensuring maximum charge-discharge in each cycle. Bahmani-Firouzi and Azizipanah-Abarghooee implemented an improved bat algorithm to evaluate the size of a BESS with the minimum operation and maintenance costs. Gitizadeh and Fakharzadegan proposed sizing of BESS for a grid-connected PV system using the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) to minimize the cost of the battery. Keeping in view India’s geographical, economic, and energy scenarios, five batteries have been identified for analysis in this paper and will be explained in the next sections. Inverters of flooded lead-acid batteries have seen widespread domestic installations in India. Various types of BESS and their applications in wind systems were explored prior to this study and a detailed overview of it can be seen in. A deep analysis and understanding of the characteristics of the different batteries available is important to justify selection of a battery for a particular application. Integrating BESS with renewables necessitates optimizing battery capacity so as to minimize investment and operation costs and increase battery lifetime. However, the current study deals with grid-connected systems and is scheduled to match a predetermined power dispatch, failing of which leads to load shedding and losses. These studies were conducted on standalone systems and the authors evaluated the economic costs of BESS. These results also proved the batteries to be a standard choice for HRES integration. Prodromidis and Coutelieris simulated and analyzed nine types of HRES with storages like batteries and flywheels based on the net present costs of systems. Further expansion of the HRES with a fuel cell hydrogen storage system was attempted and the results proved the batteries to be a better investment option. Maleki and Askarzadeh optimally sized a PV-Wind-Diesel-Battery hybrid system with discrete harmony search algorithm. Poullikkas gave a detailed economic overview of battery storage systems for large-scale electricity storage. presented a review of planning, operating, and controlling studies in wind and energy storage integrated systems. Many studies could be found in the literature on inclusion of energy storages with HRES. There are yet many challenges to be addressed for safe integration, operation, and disposal of batteries. Governments and research agencies are making large scale investments implementing batteries for both grid and transport applications. Recent times have seen tremendous advancements in BESS with the emergence of advanced rechargeable valve-regulated lead-acid batteries, sodium batteries, lithium batteries, and flow batteries. Developing technology and material science enabled design of materials which allow this ingress of reactions up to several thousand times, thus evolving rechargeable batteries with reduced maintenance. Hence, they require high maintenance which presented a major setback. As the energy is stored in form of electrochemical energy, the entire bulk of the battery is prone to chemical reactions. BESS comprise multiple electrochemical cells connected in arrays to deliver electricity at desired capacity and potential. Grid level storages for implementing renewable energy integration, experimenting with energy arbitrage, and supporting ancillary services need to be explored under Indian power markets.īattery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are the most mature storage technology and they offer a wide range of characteristics for varied applications. Initiation of energy storage demonstration projects by the MNRE, Government of India in August, 2015, has raised hopes to revolutionize the Indian energy storage market. Energy storages are needed to balance load, bridge power gap, and improve power quality. But many problems arise in their planning, operation, and scheduling. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) are emerging as the key solutions to overcome the unpredictability and variability in renewables by combining two or more power sources, enabling the system to be reliable and cost-effective. According to the Renewables Global Status Report (2015) 19.1% of world energy consumption in 2013 was met by renewable energy alone. Government organizations all over the world are vowing for a cleaner energy policy and promoting renewable power to combat growing power demands. India has been suffering from power shortages for three decades.
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